An interesting article was published at The Public Library of Science (PLOS) by Matthew P. Davis, John S. Sparks, and W. Leo Smith about the repeated and widespread evolution of bioluminescence across marine fish lineages.

The article abstract:

Bioluminescence is primarily a marine phenomenon with 80% of metazoan bioluminescent genera occurring in the world’s oceans. Here we show that bioluminescence has evolved repeatedly and is phylogenetically widespread across ray-finned fishes. We recover 27 independent evolutionary events of bioluminescence, all among marine fish lineages. This finding indicates that bioluminescence has evolved many more times than previously hypothesized across fishes and the tree of life. Our exploration of the macroevolutionary patterns of bioluminescent lineages indicates that the present day diversity of some inshore and deep-sea bioluminescent fish lineages that use bioluminescence for communication, feeding, and reproduction exhibit exceptional species richness given clade age. We show that exceptional species richness occurs particularly in deep-sea fishes with intrinsic bioluminescent systems and both shallow water and deep-sea lineages with luminescent systems used for communication.

Below is a diagram showing the evolution of bioluminescence across ray-finned fishes. Evolutionary relationships and divergence times of ray-finned fishes inferred from 11 gene fragments. Letters at nodes correspond to clades indicated here. Branch colors indicate the presence of bioluminescence and whether the mechanism of bioluminescence is intrinsic, bacterially mediated, or unknown. Examples of bioluminescent ray-finned fishes include the A: midshipman (Porichthys: intrinsic), and B: flashlight fish (Anomalops: bacterially mediated).

bioluminescence

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Image courtesy Matthew P. Davis, John S. Sparks, and W. Leo Smith via a creative commons license.

Resources:

Davis, Mattew P., John S. Sparks, and W. Leo Smith. “Repeated and Widespread Evolution of Bioluminescence in Marine Fishes.” PLOS ONE. The Public Libray of Science, 8 June 2016. Web. 28 July 2016.